A structural-mechanical model of dispersion-filled elastomer, allowing numerically investigate its mechanical behavior based on the internal structure of the material and the properties of the components. The model takes into account the following structural factors: 1) the random arrangement of the filler particles in the matrix takes into account the appearance of short-range order in concentrated stochastic structures; 2) the development of internal damage in the form of microscopic interfacial delamination and matrix; 3) a substantial restructuring of the geometry of the composite structure during deformation. For systems with varying degrees of filling and strength elastomeric matrix constructed corresponding stress-strain curves defined limits macrocharacteristics strength. Obtained deformation changes depending on the volume of the composite as a result of it structural damage.